Below are some frequently asked questions concerning the use of sphagnum moss in moorland conservation, explaining some of the key issues covered in a recent independent report.
What is the current approach to moorland management being criticized, and what are its primary issues?
The current approach is largely defined by a blanket mandate for sphagnum inoculation on deep peat areas within protected sites, often accompanied by strict regulations on traditional heather management practices like controlled burning. The main criticisms include the failure of sphagnum planting due to unsuitable site conditions, lack of prior site assessments, and the high cost for minimal success. Additionally, restrictions on controlled burning, a traditional practice that helped manage vegetation and reduce fire risk, are also seen as problematic.
Why is sphagnum moss considered important, and what benefits does it offer when it thrives?
Sphagnum moss is valued for its ability to store large amounts of water, act as a carbon sink by sequestering carbon, and support moorland biodiversity by creating a unique habitat. When it thrives, sphagnum forms hummocks that regulate water flow, trap carbon and form peat, and provide a home for various species. However, it's important to note that sphagnum requires very specific wet and acidic conditions to thrive, making it unsuitable for many moorland areas.
What are the findings of the independent review regarding the success of sphagnum inoculation on the Peak District moors?
The review found that sphagnum inoculation is largely failing on the Peak District moors. Success rates for planted sphagnum plugs are extremely low, ranging from less than 1% to 30% in some cases, and the surviving plugs show minimal growth. The review highlights that the planted sphagnum is often put into dry, unsuitable environments where it quickly dies, making the costly inoculation efforts largely futile.
How have restrictions on controlled burning affected moorland management, and what are the potential consequences?
Restrictions on controlled burning, particularly in deep peat areas, have limited a traditional method used by gamekeepers to manage heather and grasses. Controlled burning helped reduce the fuel load and risk of wildfires and facilitated the regeneration of diverse vegetation, supporting both wildlife and livestock. The restrictions have led to an overgrowth of heather, reducing biodiversity and increasing the risk of uncontrolled summer wildfires due to lack of natural fire breaks.
What do the case studies of Woodhead & Snailsden, Mossy Lea, and Howden Moor reveal about the effectiveness of current management practices?
The case studies on these three moors highlight the consistent ineffectiveness of the current sphagnum inoculation policy. Woodhead & Snailsden had a low survival rate of planted sphagnum despite a substantial investment. Mossy Lea experienced a complete failure of sphagnum planting because of the dry conditions. Howden Moor saw a decline in wildlife under management focused on rewilding and rewetting, and it highlights that heather can sequester carbon more effectively than sphagnum. All three demonstrate a misapplication of the blanket approach to management, where local conditions are not taken into account.
What are some of the core issues contributing to the failure of the current moorland management approach?
Key issues include a lack of consideration for the specific conditions of each site before mandating sphagnum inoculation, inappropriate planting methods in dry areas without water retention measures, restrictions on effective heather management techniques like controlled burning, financial waste associated with planting sphagnum for minimal results, and misleading claims of growth rates by organisations seeking funding for these practices. There's also a lack of follow-up site visits to evaluate the results of these management approaches.
What alternative approaches to moorland management are being advocated for instead of the current methods?
Advocates call for a more flexible and scientifically guided approach that includes greater input from local land managers and is tailored to specific site conditions. It advocates for the use of controlled burning and cutting where appropriate and cost-effective methods to revegetate the moors, which includes moss spores and seeding for heathland species to improve germination rates. The focus should shift towards long-term ecological sustainability, rather than only short term visible results.
What is the importance of local knowledge and collaboration in the future management of moorlands?
The report emphasizes the importance of collaboration between landowners, land managers, and governing bodies to create effective management plans. It recognizes that local knowledge gained from years of experience is crucial in adapting strategies to meet site-specific needs. There needs to be a willingness to share knowledge and adapt management approaches based on long-term results, ensuring that conservation goals align with practical realities.